9781604250008

Table of Contents


	Procedure Index	xi
	Using this Book	xiv
SECTION I	UNDERSTANDING HOME HEALTH AIDE SERVICES	1
Chapter 1	Home Care and the Healthcare System
1	Describe the Structure of the Healthcare System and Describe Ways it is Changing	1
2	Explain Medicare and Medicaid, and List When Medicare Recipients may Receive Home Care	3
3	Explain the Purpose of and Need for Home Health Care	3
4	List Key Events in the History of Home Care Services	4
5	Identify the Basic Methods of Payment for Home Health Services	5
6	Describe a Typical Home Health Agency	5
7	Explain How Working for a Home Health Agency is Different from Working in Other Types of Facilities	6
Chapter 2	The Home Health Aide and Care Team
1	Identify the Role of Each Healthcare Team Member	9
2	Define the Client Care Plan and Explain its Purpose	11
3	Describe How Each Team Member Contributes to the Care Plan	11
4	Describe the Role of the Home Health Aide and Explain Typical Tasks Performed	12
5	Identify Tasks Outside the Scope of Practice for Home Health Aides	13
6	List the Federal Regulations that Apply to Home Health Aides	14
7	Describe the Purpose of the Chain of Command	14
8	Define Policies and Procedures and Explain Why they are Important	15
9	List Examples of a Professional Relationship with a Client and an Employer	16
10	Demonstrate How to Organize Care Assignments	17
11	Demonstrate Good Personal Grooming Habits	17
12	Identify Personal Qualities a Home Health Aide Must Have	18
13	Identify an Employer�s Responsibilities	19
Chapter 3	Legal and Ethical Issues
1	Define the Terms �Ethics� and �Laws� and List Examples of Legal and Ethical Behavior	21
2	Explain Clients� Rights and Discuss Why they are Important	21
3	List Ways to Recognize and Report Elder Abuse and Neglect	25
4	List Examples of Behavior Supporting and Promoting Clients� Rights	26
5	Explain HIPAA and List Ways to Protect Clients� Confidentiality	26
6	Discuss and Give Examples of Advance Directives	28
7	Identify Community Resources Available to Help the Elderly	28
SECTION II	BUILDING A FOUNDATION: BEFORE CLIENT CARE	30
Chapter 4	Communication and Cultural Diversity
1	Define Communication	30
2	Explain Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	31
3	Identify Barriers to Communication	32
4	List Ways to Make Communication Accurate and Complete	33
5	Describe the Difference Between Facts and Opinions	34
6	Explain How to Develop Effective Interpersonal Relationships	35
7	Describe Basic Medical Terminology and Approved Abbreviations	35
8	Explain How to Give and Receive an Accurate Oral Report of a Client�s Status	36
9	Demonstrate How to Report and Document Factual Observations in Written or Oral Form	37
10	Explain Why Documentation is Important and Describe How to Document Visit Records and Incident Reports	38
11	Demonstrate Ability to Use Verbal and Written Information to Assist with the Care Plan	40
12	Demonstrate Effective Communication on the Telephone	40
13	Describe Cultural Diversity and Religious Differences	41
14	List Examples of Cultural and Religious Differences	43
15	List Ways of Coping with Combative Behavior	43
16	List Ways of Coping with Inappropriate Behavior	44
Chapter 5	Infection Control and Standard Precautions
1	Define �Asepsis� and Explain the Chain of Infection	46
2	Explain Standard Precautions	47
3	Explain the Term �Hand Hygiene� and Identify When to Wash Hands	49
4	Identify When to Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)	50
5	Explain How to Handle Spills	53
6	Explain Transmission-Based Precautions	54
7	Explain Sterilization and Disinfection	55
8	Explain How Bloodborne Diseases are Transmitted	56
9	Explain the Basic Facts Regarding HIV and Hepatitis Infection	57
10	Identify High Risk Behaviors that Allow the Spread of HIV/AIDS and HBV	58
11	Demonstrate Knowledge of the Legal Aspects of AIDS, Including Testing	58
12	Identify Community Resources and Services Available to Clients with HIV/AIDS	59
13	Explain Tuberculosis and List Infection Control Guidelines	59
14	Explain the Importance of Reporting a Possible Exposure to an Airborne or Bloodborne Disease	60
15	Explain the Terms �MRSA,� �VRE,� and �C. difficile�	60
16	List Employer and Employee Responsibilities for Infection Control	61
Chapter 6	Safety and Body Mechanics
1	Explain the Principles of Body Mechanics	63
2	Apply Principles of Body Mechanics to Your Daily Activities	64
3	List Ways to Adapt the Home to Principles of Good Body Mechanics	65
4	Identify Five Common Types of Accidents in the Home	66
5	List Home Fire Safety Guidelines and Describe What to do in Case of Fire	70
6	Discuss the Use of Restraints and Related Problems	72
7	Discuss Restraint Alternatives and Describe What Must be Done If a Restraint is Ordered	73
8	Identify Ways to Reduce the Risk of Automobile Accidents	74
9	Identify Guidelines for Using Your Car on the Job	74
10	Identify Guidelines for Working in High-Crime Areas	74
Chapter 7	Emergency Care and Disaster Preparation
1	Demonstrate How to Recognize and Respond to Medical Emergencies	77
2	Describe Basic CPR and Demonstrate Knowledge of First Aid Procedures	78
3	Identify Emergency Evacuation Procedures	87
4	Demonstrate Knowledge of Disaster Procedures	88
SECTION III	A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING CLIENTS	91
Chapter 8	Physical, Psychological, and Social Health
1	Identify Basic Human Needs	91
2	Define Holistic Care	93
3	Identify Ways to Help Clients Meet their Spiritual Needs	93
4	Discuss Family Roles and Their Significance in Health Care	94
5	Describe Personal Adjustments of the Individual and Family to Illness and Disability	95
6	Identify Community Resources for Individual and Family Health	95
7	List Ways to Respond to Emotional Needs of Your Clients and Their Families	96
Chapter 9	The Human Body in Health and Disease
1	Describe the Integumentary System	97
2	Describe the Musculoskeletal System	99
3	Describe the Nervous System	100
4	Describe the Circulatory or Cardiovascular System	102
5	Describe the Respiratory System	104
6	Describe the Urinary System	105
7	Describe the Gastrointestinal System	106
8	Describe the Endocrine System	108
9	Describe the Reproductive System	110
10	Describe the Immune and Lymphatic Systems	111
Chapter 10	Human Development and Aging
1	Describe the Stages of Human Development and Identify Common Disorders for Each Group	114
2	Distinguish Between Fact (What is True) and Fallacy (What is not True) About the Aging Process	118
3	Discuss Normal Changes of Aging and List Care Guidelines	119
4	Identify Attitudes and Living Habits that Promote Good Health	125
Chapter 11	Dying, Death, and Hospice
1	Discuss the Stages of Grief	127
2	Describe the Grief Process	128
3	Discuss How Feelings and Attitudes About Death Differ	128
4	Explain Common Signs of Approaching Death	129
5	Discuss How to Care for a Dying Client	129
6	Define the Goals of a Hospice Program	132
7	Identify Special Skills and Attitudes Helpful in Hospice Work	133
8	Describe the Role of the Hospice Volunteer	133
9	Discuss the Importance of Caring for Yourself When Working in Hospice Care	133
SECTION IV	DEVELOPING PERSONAL CARE AND BASIC HEALTHCARE SKIFFS	135
Chapter 12	Positioning, Transfers, and Ambulation
1	Explain Positioning and Describe How to Safely Position Clients	135
2	Describe How to Safety Transfer Clients	142
3	Discuss How to Safely Ambulate a Client	148
4	List Things You can do to Help Make Your Client Comfortable	151
Chapter 13	Personal Care Skills
1	Describe the Home Health Aide�s Role in Assisting Clients with Personal Care	156
2	Explain Guidelines for Assisting with Bathing	158
3	Describe Guidelines for Assisting with Grooming	168
4	Identify Guidelines for Good Oral Care	171
5	Explain Care Guidelines for Prosthetic Devices	176
6	Explain Guidelines for Assisting with Toileting	177
7	Describe How to Dispose of Body Wastes	181
Chapter 14	Core Healthcare Skills
1	Explain the Importance of Monitoring Vital Signs	183
2	List Three Types of Specimens You may Collect from a Client	198
3	Describe the Importance of Fluid Balance and Explain Intake and Output (I&O)	202
4	Describe the Guidelines for Catheter Care	204
5	Explain the Benefits of Warm and Cold Applications	208
6	Explain How to Apply Non-Sterile Dressings	212
7	Describe the Purpose of Elastic Stockings and How to Apply Them	212
8	Define the Term �Ostomy� and List Care Guidelines	213
9	Describe How to Assist with an Elastic Bandage	215
Chapter 15	Rehabilitation and Restorative Care
1	Discuss Rehabilitation and Restorative Care	217
2	Explain the Home Care Rehabilitation Model	217
3	Describe Guidelines for Assisting with Restorative Care	218
4	Describe How to Assist with Range of Motion Exercises	219
5	Explain Guidelines for Maintaining Proper Body Alignment	223
6	List Important Observations to Make About Changes in a Client�s Skin	224
7	List Guidelines for Providing Basic Skin Care and Preventing Pressure Sores	225
8	Describe the Guidelines for Caring for Clients Who have Fractures or Casts	227
9	List the Guidelines for Caring for Clients Who have Hip Fractures	228
10	List Ways to Adapt the Environment for People with Physical Limitations	229
11	Identify Reasons Clients Lose Bowel or Bladder Control	229
12	Explain the Guidelines for Assisting with Bowel or Bladder Retraining	230
13	Describe the Benefits of Deep Breathing Exercises	231
Chapter 16	Medications and Technology in Home Care
1	List Four Guidelines for Safe and Proper Use of Medications	233
2	Identify the Five �Rights� of Medications	234
3	Explain How to Assist a Client with Self-Administered Medications	234
4	Identify Observations About Medications that should be Reported Right Away	235
5	Describe What to do in an Emergency Involving Medications	236
6	Identify Methods of Medication Storage	236
7	Identify Signs of Drug Misuse and Abuse and Know How to Report these	237
8	Demonstrate an Understanding of Oxygen Equipment	237
9	Explain Guidelines for the Care of a Client with an IV	239
SECTION V	SPECIAL CLIENTS, SPECIAL NEEDS	242
Chapter 17	Clients with Disabilities
1	Identify Common Causes of Disabilities	243
2	Describe Daily Challenges a Person with a Disability may Face	243
3	Define Terms Related to Disabilities and Explain Why they are Important	243
4	Identify Social and Emotional Needs of Persons with Disabilities	244
5	Explain How a Disability may Affect Sexuality and Intimacy	244
6	Identify Skills You have Already Learned that can be Applied to Clients with Disabilities	244
7	List Five Goals to Work Toward When Assisting Clients Who have Disabilities	245
8	Identify Five Qualities of Excellent Service Needed by Clients with Disabilities	246
9	Explain How to Adapt Personal Care Procedures to Meet the Needs of Clients with Disabilities	246
10	List Important Changes to Report and Document for a Client with Disabilities	253
Chapter 18	Mental Health and Mental Illness
1	Identify Characteristics of Mental Health	256
2	Identify Four Causes of Mental Illness	256
3	Distinguish Between Fact and Fallacy Concerning Mental Illness	257
4	Explain the Connection Between Mental and Physical Wellness	257
5	List Guidelines for Communicating with Mentally Ill Clients	258
6	Identify and Define Common Defense Mechanisms	258
7	Describe the Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Schizophrenia	258
8	Explain How Medications can Help a Client Who is Mentally Ill	261
9	Explain Your Role in Caring for Clients Who are Mentally Ill	261
10	Identify Important Observations that should be Made and Reported	261
11	List the Signs of Substance Abuse	262
Chapter 19	New Mothers, Infants, and Children
1	Explain the Growth of Home Care for New Mothers and Infants	264
2	Identify Common Neonatal Disorders	264
3	Identify Ways of Assisting a New Mother with Her Transition to the Home	264
4	List Important Observations to Report and Document	265
5	Explain Guidelines for Safely Handling a Baby	265
6	Describe Guidelines for Assisting with Feeding a Baby	267
7	Explain Guidelines for Bathing and Changing A Baby	270
8	Explain Guidelines for Special Care	274
9	Identify Special Needs of Children and Describe How Children Respond to Stress	276
10	List Symptoms of Common Childhood Illnesses and the Required Care	277
11	Identify Guidelines for Working with Children	277
12	List the Signs of Child Abuse and Neglect and Know How to Report Them	278
Chapter 20	Common Chronic and Acute Conditions
1	Define Arthritis and Identify Treatments and Care Guidelines	281
2	Define Cancer and List Eight Risk Factors for Cancer	282
3	List the Warning Signs of Cancer	283
4	Identify Common Treatments for Cancer	283
5	Describe Care Guidelines for the Client Who has Cancer	283
6	Identify Community Resources Available to People with Cancer and Their Families	285
7	Describe Diabetes and Identify its Signs and Complications	285
8	Describe the Differences Between Insulin Reaction and Diabetic Ketoacidosis, and List Care for Each	286
9	List Care Guidelines for the Client with Diabetes	287
10	Describe a Meal Plan for the Client with Diabetes	289
11	Define Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) and List Common Warning Signs	290
12	Describe Six Common Physical Changes in CVA Clients	290
13	Describe Care Guidelines and Communication Techniques for the CVA Client	291
14	Identify Common Circulatory Disorders, Their Symptoms, and Care Guidelines	294
15	Define COPD and List Care Guidelines	297
16	Define HIV and AIDS and Describe Care Guidelines	298
17	Describe Normal Changes of Aging in the Brain	300
18	Discuss Confusion and Delirium	300
19	Define Dementia and Recognize its Causes	301
20	Describe Alzheimer�s Disease and Identify its Stages and Related Behaviors	302
21	Identify Personal Attitudes Helpful in Caring for People with AD or Any Dementia	303
22	List Strategies for Better Communication for Clients with Alzheimer�s Disease	304
23	Describe a Safe Environment for a Client with AD	306
24	Explain General Principles that will Assist Clients with Personal Care	307
25	List and Describe Interventions for Problems with Common Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)	307
26	List and Describe Interventions for Common Difficult Behaviors Related to Alzheimer�s Disease	309
27	Describe Creative Therapies for Clients with AD	312
28	Describe How Alzheimer�s Disease may Affect the Client�s Family	314
29	Identify Community Resources Available to People with Alzheimer�s Disease and Their Families	315
SECTION VI	PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN HOME MANAGEMENT	318
Chapter 21	Clean, Safe, and Healthy Environments
1	Describe How Housekeeping Affects Physical and Psychological Well-Being	318
2	List Qualities Needed to Manage a Home and Describe General Housekeeping Guidelines	318
3	Describe Cleaning Products and Equipment	320
4	Describe Proper Cleaning Methods for Living Areas, Kitchens, Bathrooms, and Storage Areas	320
5	Describe How to Prepare a Cleaning Schedule	325
6	List Special Housekeeping Procedures to Use When Infection is Present	325
7	Explain How to do Laundry and Care for Clothes	326
8	List Special Laundry Precautions to Use When Infection is Present	328
9	List Guidelines for Teaching Housekeeping Skills to Clients� Family Members	328
10	Discuss the Importance of Sleep and Explain Why Careful Bedmaking is Important	329
11	Identify Hazardous Household Materials	332
Chapter 22	Clients� Nutritional Needs
1	Describe the Importance of Good Nutrition and List the Six Basic Nutrients	334
2	Describe the USDA�s Mypyramid	336
3	Identify Ways to Assist Clients in Maintaining Fluid Balance	339
4	Identify Nutritional Problems of the Elderly or Ill	340
5	Demonstrate Awareness of Regional, Cultural, and Religious Food Preferences	342
6	List and Define Common Health Claims on Food Labels	342
7	Explain the Information on the FDA-Required Nutrition Facts Label	343
8	Explain Special Diets	344
Chapter 23	Meal Planning, Shopping, Preparation, And Storage
1	Explain How to Prepare a Basic Food Plan and List Food Shopping Guidelines	349
2	List Guidelines for Safe Food Preparation	351
3	Identify Methods of Food Preparation	352
4	Identify Four Methods of Low-Fat Food Preparation	355
5	List Four Guidelines for Safe Food Storage	355
6	Describe Guidelines for Assisting with Eating	356
7	Describe Eating and Swallowing Problems a Client may Have	358
Chapter 24	Managing Time, Energy, and Money
1	Explain Three Ways to Work More Efficiently	362
2	Describe How to Follow an Established Work Plan with the Client and Family	363
3	Discuss Ways to Handle Inappropriate Requests	363
4	List Five Money-Saving Homemaking Tips	364
5	List Guidelines for Handling a Client�s Money	364
SECTION VII	WHERE DO I GO FROM HERE?	366
Chapter 25	Caring for Yourself and Your Career
1	Explain How to Conduct a Job Search	366
2	Identify Documents that may be Required When Applying for a Job	367
3	Demonstrate Completing an Effective Job Application	367
4	Demonstrate Competence in Job Interview Techniques	368
5	Discuss Appropriate Responses to Criticism	370
6	Identify Effective Ways to Make a Complaint to an Employer or Supervisor	371
7	Identify Guidelines for Making Job Changes	371
8	List Your State�s Requirements for Maintaining Certification	371
9	Describe Continuing Education for Home Health Aides	372
10	Define Stress and Stressors, and List Examples	372
11	Explain Ways to Manage Stress	373
12	Demonstrate Two Effective Relaxation Techniques	374
13	Describe How to Develop a Personal Stress Management Plan	374
14	List Five Guidelines for Managing Time	375
15	Demonstrate an Understanding of the Basics of Money Management	376
16	Demonstrate an Understanding that Money Matters are Emotional	377
17	List Ways to Remind Yourself that Your Work is Important, Valuable, and Meaningful	378
	Appendix	380
	Glossary	387
	Index	403