Table of Contents

 

 

 

 

Preface

iii

 

Acknowledgments

iv

1

Plasma Membrane

1

I

Overview—The Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma; Cell Membrane)

1

Ii

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

1

Iii

Plasma Membrane Transport Processes

4

Iv

Cell-to-Cell Communication

7

V

Plasmalemma-Cytoskeleton Association

9

 

Review Test

11

 

Answers and Explanations

13

2

Nucleus

14

I

Overview—The Nucleus

14

Ii

Nuclear Envelope

14

Iii

Nucleolus

16

Iv

Nucleoplasm

17

V

Chromatin

17

Vi

Chromosomes

18

VII

DNA

19

Viii

RNA

20

IX

Cell Cycle

23

X

Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)

26

Xi

Meiosis

26

 

Review Test

29

 

Answers and Explanations

31

3

Cytoplasm and Organelles

32

I

Overview—The Cytoplasm

32

Ii

Structural Components

32

Iii

Interactions Among Organelles

45

 

Review Test

53

 

Answers and Explanations

55

4

Extracellular Matrix

56

I

Overview—The Extracellular Matrix

56

Ii

Ground Substance

56

Iii

Fibers

59

 

Review Test

64

 

Answers and Explanations

66

5

Epithelia and Glands

67

I

Overview—Epithelia

67

Ii

Lateral Epithelial Surfaces

69

Iii

Basal Epithelial Surfaces

71

Iv

Apical Epithelial Surfaces

72

V

Glands

73

 

Review Test

76

 

Answers and Explanations

78

6

Connective Tissue

79

I

Overview—Connective Tissue

79

Ii

Extracellular Matrix

79

Iii

Connective Tissue Cells

80

Iv

Classification of Connective Tissue

86

 

Review Test

89

 

Answers and Explanations

91

7

Cartilage and Bone

92

I

Overview—Cartilage

92

II

Bone

95

Iii

Joints

105

 

Review Test

106

 

Answers and Explanations

108

8

Muscle

109

I

Overview—Muscle

109

Ii

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

109

Iii

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

114

Iv

Innervation of Skeletal Muscle

116

V

Cardiac Muscle

117

Vi

Smooth Muscle

120

VII

Contractile Nonmuscle Cells

122

 

Review Test

123

 

Answers and Explanations

125

9

Nervous System

126

I

Overview—Nervous System

126

Ii

Histogenesis of the Nervous System

126

Iii

Cells of Nervous System

127

Iv

Synapses

132

V

Nerve Fibers

134

Vi

Nerves

136

VII

Ganglia

137

Viii

Histophysiology of Nervous System

138

IX

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

139

X

CNS

140

Xi

Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Tissue

141

 

Review Test

144

 

Answers and Explanations

146

10

Blood and Hemopoiesis

148

I

Overview—Blood

148

II

Blood Constituents

148

Iii

Blood Coagulation

153

Iv

Bone Marrow

154

V

Prenatal Hemopoiesis

155

VI

Postnatal Hemopoiesis

155

VIi

Hemopoietic Growth Factors (Colony-Stimulating Factors [CSFs])

159

 

Review Test

160

 

Answers and Explanations

162

11

Circulatory System

163

I

Overview—Blood Vascular System

163

Ii

Overview—Lymphatic Vascular System

173

 

Review Test

174

 

Answers and Explanations

176

12

Lymphoid Tissue

178

I

Overview—The Lymphoid (Immune) System

178

Ii

Cells of the Immune System

179

Iii

Antigen Presentation and the Role of MHC Molecules

185

Iv

Immunoglobulins

186

V

Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue

187

Vi

Lymphoid Organs

188

 

Review Test

193

 

Answers and Explanations

195

13

Endocrine System

196

I

Overview—The Endocrine System

196

Ii

Hormones

196

Iii

Overview—Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

196

Iv

Overview—Thyroid Gland

201

V

Parathyroid Glands

206

Vi

Overview—Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands

207

VIi

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body, Epiphysis)

211

 

Review Test

212

 

Answers and Explanations

214

14

Skin

215

I

Overview—The Skin

215

Ii

Epidermis

215

Iii

Dermis

220

Iv

Glands in the Skin

220

V

Hair Follicle and Arrector Pili Muscle

222

VI

Nails

223

 

Review Test

225

 

Answers and Explanations

227

15

Respiratory System

228

I

Overview—The Respiratory System

228

Ii

Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System

228

Iii

Overview—Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory System

233

Iv

Lung Lobules

239

V

Pulmonary Vascular Supply

239

Vi

Pulmonary Nerve Supply

240

 

Review Test

241

 

Answers and Explanations

243

16

Digestive System: Oral Cavity and Alimentary Tract

244

I

Overview—The Digestive System

244

Ii

Oral Region

244

Iii

Divisions of the Alimentary Canal

248

Iv

Digestion and Absorption

257

 

Review Test

259

 

Answers and Explanations

261

17

Digestive System: Glands

262

I

Overview—Extrinsic Glands of the Digestive System

262

Ii

Major Salivary Glands

262

Iii

Overview—Pancreas

263

Iv

Liver

266

V

Gallbladder

270

 

Review Test

272

 

Answers and Explanations

274

18

The Urinary System

275

I

Overview—The Urinary System

275

Ii

Kidneys

275

Iii

Uriniferous Tubules

276

Iv

Renal Blood Circulation

284

V

Regulation of Urine Concentration

286

VI

Excretory Passages

287

 

Review Test

291

 

Answers and Explanations

293

19

Female Reproductive System

294

I

Overview—Female Reproductive System

294

Ii

Ovaries

294

Iii

Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)

299

Iv

Uterus

300

V

Cervix

303

VI

Fertilization and Implantation

303

VII

Placenta

304

Viii

Vagina

305

IX

External Genitalia (Vulva)

305

X

Mammary Glands

305

 

Review Test

308

 

Answers and Explanations

310

20

Male Reproductive System

311

I

Overview—Male Reproductive System

311

Ii

Testes

311

Iii

Genital Ducts

318

Iv

Accessory Genital Glands

320

V

Penis

322

 

Review Test

323

 

Answers and Explanations

325

21

Special Senses

326

I

Overview—Special Sense Receptors

326

Ii

Specialized Diffuse Receptors

326

Iii

Sense of Sight—Eye

328

Iv

Sense of Hearing—Ear (Vestibulocochlear Apparatus)

337

 

Review Test

343

 

Answers and Explanations

345

 

Comprehensive Examination

346

 

Index

365