Table of Contents

 

 

 

Preface

vi

 

Introduction

1

1

The Back

5

 

Surface Anatomy

5

 

Skeleton of The Back

5

 

Skin and Superficial Fascia

8

 

Dissection Overview

8

 

Dissection Instructions

8

 

Skin Incisions

8

 

Superficial Fascia

9

 

Dissection Follow-up

9

 

Superficial Muscles of The Back

9

 

Dissection Overview

9

 

Dissection Instructions

9

 

Trapezius Muscle

9

 

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

11

 

Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor Muscles

11

 

Levator Scapulae Muscle

11

 

Dissection Follow-up

12

 

Intermediate Muscles of The Back

12

 

Deep Muscles of The Back

12

 

Dissection Overview

12

 

Dissection Instructions

12

 

Splenius Muscle

12

 

Erector Spinae Muscle

13

 

Transversospinal Group of Muscles

13

 

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle

14

 

Dissection Follow--up

14

 

Suboccipital Region

14

 

Dissection Overview

14

 

Dissection Instructions

14

 

Dissection Follow-up

15

 

Vertebral Canal, Spinal Cord, and Meninges

15

 

Dissection Overview

15

 

Dissection Instructions

16

 

Spinal Meninges

17

 

Dissection Follow-up

19

2

The Upper Limb

21

 

Surface Anatomy

21

 

Superficial Veins and Cutaneous Nerves

21

 

Dissection Overview

21

 

Dissection Instructions

22

 

Skin Incisions

22

 

Superficial Veins

22

 

Cutaneous Nerves

23

 

Dissection Follow-up

24

 

Superficial Muscles of The Back

24

 

Scapular Region

24

 

Dissection Overview

24

 

Skeleton of the Scapular Region

24

 

Dissection Instructions

24

 

Dissection Folllow-up

26

 

Pectoral Region

26

 

Dissection Overview

26

 

Dissection Instructions

26

 

Breast

26

 

Superficial Fascia

27

 

Dissection Follow-up

28

 

Muscles of The Pectoral Region

28

 

Dissection Overview

28

 

Dissection Instructions

29

 

Dissection Follow-up

30

 

Axilla

30

 

Dissection Overview

30

 

Dissection Instructions

31

 

Axillary Artery

31

 

Brachial Plexus

32

 

Dissection Follow-up

34

 

Arm and Cubital Fossa

34

 

Dissection Overview

34

 

Skeleton of the Arm and Cubital Region

35

 

Dissection Instructions

35

 

Anterior Compartment of the Arm

35

 

Gubital Fossa

37

 

Posterior Compartment of the Arm

38

 

Dissection Follow-up

39

 

Flexor Region of The Forearm

40

 

Dissection Overview

40

 

Skeleton of the Forearm

40

 

Dissection instructions

41

 

Superficial Layer of Flexor Muscles

41

 

Intermediate Layer of Flexor Muscles

42

 

Vessels and Nerves of the Anterior Forearm

44

 

Deep Layer of Flexor Muscles

46

 

Dissection Follow-up

47

 

Palm of The Hand

46

 

Dissection Overview

46

 

Skeleton of the Hand

47

 

Dissection Instructions

47

 

Skin Incisions

47

 

Superficial Palm

47

 

Carpal Tunnel

49

 

Thenar Muscles

50

 

Hypothenar Muscles

51

 

Deep Palm

51

 

Dissection Follow-up

52

 

Extensor Region of The Forearm and Dorsum of The Hand

53

 

Dissection Overview

53

 

Dissection Instructions

53

 

Superficial Layer of Extensor Muscles

53

 

Deep Layer of Extensor Muscles

55

 

Dissection Follow-up

55

 

Joints of The Upper Limb

57

 

Dissection Overview

57

 

Dissection Instructions

57

 

Sternoclavicular Joint

57

 

Acromioclavicular Joint

58

 

Glenohumeral Joint

58

 

Elbow Joint and Proximal Radioulnar Joint

60

 

Intermediate Radioulnar Joint

61

 

Distal Radioulnar Joint

61

 

Wrist Joint

61

 

Metacarpophalangeal Joints

61

 

Interphalangeal Joints

62

3

The Thorax

63

 

Surface anatomy

63

 

Skeleton of the thorax

63

 

Pectoral region

64

 

Intercostal space and intercostal muscles

65

 

Dissection Overview

65

 

Dissection Instructions

65

 

Dissection Follow-up

66

 

Removal of The Anterior Thoracic Wall

66

 

Dissection Overview

66

 

Dissection Instructions

67

 

Dissection Follow-up

67

 

Pleural Cavities

68

 

Dissection Overview

68

 

Dissection Instructions

69

 

Dissection Follow-up

69

 

Lungs

69

 

Dissection Overview

69

 

Dissection Instructions

69

 

Lungs in the Thorax

69

 

Removal of the Lungs

70

 

Dissection Follow-up

72

 

Mediastinum

72

 

Dissection Overview

72

 

Dissection Instructions

73

 

Dissection Follow-up

73

 

Middle Mediastinum

73

 

Dissection Overview

73

 

Dissection Instructions

73

 

Heart in the Thorax

73

 

Removal of the Heart

75

 

Dissection Follow-up

76

 

External Features of The Heart

76

 

Dissection Overview

76

 

Dissection Instructions

76

 

Surface Features

76

 

Cardiac Veins

76

 

Coronary Arteries

77

 

Dissection Follow-up

78

 

Internal Features of The Heart

78

 

Dissection Overview

78

 

Dissection Instructions

78

 

Right Atrium

78

 

Right Ventricle

79

 

Left Atrium

80

 

Left Ventricle

81

 

Dissection Follow-up

82

 

Superior Mediastinum

82

 

Dissection Overview

82

 

Dissection Instructions

82

 

Dissection Follow-up

84

 

Posterior Mediastinum

85

 

Dissection Overview

85

 

Dissection Instructions

85

 

Dissection Follow-up

87

4

The Abdomen

89

 

Surface anatomy

89

 

Superficial fascia of the Anterolateral Abdominal wall

90

 

Dissection Overview

90

 

Dissection Instructions

90

 

Skin Incisions

90

 

Superficial Fascia

90

 

Dissection Follow-up

91

 

Muscles of The Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

91

 

Dissection Overview

91

 

Skeleton of the Abdominal Wall

92

 

Dissection Instructions

92

 

External Oblique Muscle

92

 

Internal Oblique Muscle

93

 

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

94

 

Deep Inguinal Ring

95

 

Rectus Abdominis Muscle

95

 

Dissection Follow-up

98

 

Reflection of the abdominal wall

98

 

Dissection overview

98

 

Dissection instructions

98

 

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

99

 

Dissection Overview

99

 

Dissection Instructions

99

 

Abdominal Viscera

99

 

Peritoneum

101

 

Dissection Follow-up

102

 

Celiac Trunk, Stomach, Spleen, Liver, and Gallbladder

102

 

Dissection Overview

102

 

Dissection Instructions

102

 

Celiac Trunk

103

 

Spleen

105

 

Liver

106

 

Gallbladder

107

 

Dissection Follow-up

107

 

Superior Mesenteric Artery and Small Intestine

107

 

Dissection Overview

107

 

Dissection Instructions

108

 

Superior Mesenteric Artery

108

 

Small Intestine

110

 

Dissection Follow-up

110

 

Inferior Mesenteric Artery and Large Intestine

110

 

Dissection Overview

110

 

Dissection Instructions

111

 

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

111

 

Large Intestine

111

 

Dissection Follow-up

112

 

Duodenum, Pancreas, and Hepatic Portal Vein

112

 

Dissection Overview

112

 

Dissection Instructions

112

 

Duodenum

112

 

Pancreas

113

 

Hepatic Portal Vein

114

 

Dissection Follow-up

114

 

Removal of The Gastrointestinal Tract

114

 

Dissection Overview

114

 

Dissection Instructions

114

 

Dissection Follow-up

116

 

Posterior Abdominal Viscera

116

 

Dissection Overview

116

 

Dissection Instructions

117

 

Kidneys

117

 

Suprarenal Glands

119

 

Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava

120

 

Dissection Follow-up

120

 

Posterior Abdominal Wall

121

 

Dissection Overview

121

 

Dissection Instructions

121

 

Lumbar Plexus

122

 

Abdominal Part of the Sympathetic Trunk

122

 

Dissection Follow-up

123

 

Diaphragm

123

 

Dissection Overview

123

 

Dissection Instructions

123

 

Dissection Follow-up

124

5

The Pelvis and Perineum

125

 

Skeleton of The Pelvis

125

 

Anal Triangle

127

 

Dissection Overview

127

 

Dissection Instructions

127

 

Skin and Superficial Fascia Removal

127

 

Ischioanal Fossa

128

 

Dissection Follow-up

129

 

Male External Genitalia and Perineum

129

 

Dissection Overview

129

 

Dissection Instructions

129

 

Scrotum

129

 

Spermatic Cord

130

 

Testis

131

 

Dissection Follow-up

131

 

Male Urogenital Triangle

132

 

Dissection Overview

132

 

Dissection Instructions

132

 

Skin Removal

132

 

Superficial Perineal Pouch

132

 

Penis

134

 

Spongy Urethra

135

 

Deep Perineal Pouch

136

 

Dissection Follow-up

137

 

Male Pelvic Cavity

137

 

Dissection Overview

137

 

Dissection Instructions

137

 

Peritoneum

137

 

Section of the Pelvis

138

 

Male Internal Genitalia

138

 

Dissection Follow-up

140

 

Urinary Bladder, Rectum, and Anal Canal

140

 

Dissection Overview

140

 

Dissection Instructions

141

 

Urinary Bladder

141

 

Rectum and Anal Canal

141

 

Dissection Follow-up

142

 

Internal Iliac Artery and Sacral Plexus

143

 

Dissection Overview

143

 

Dissection Instructions

143

 

Blood vessels

143

 

Nerves

144

 

Dissection Follow-up

145

 

Pelvic Diaphragm

145

 

Dissection Overview

145

 

Dissection Instructions

145

 

Dissection Follow-up

147

 

Female External Genitalia and Perineum

147

 

Labium Majus

147

 

Dissection Overview

147

 

Dissection Instructions

148

 

Dissection Follow-up

148

 

Female Urogenital Triangle

148

 

Dissection Overview

148

 

Dissection Instructions

148

 

External Genitalia

148

 

Skin Removal

149

 

Superficial Perineal Pouch and Clitoris

149

 

Deep Perineal Pouch

151

 

Dissection Follow-up

152

 

Female Pelvic Cavity

152

 

Dissection Overview

152

 

Dissection Instructions

153

 

Peritoneum

153

 

Section of the Pelvis

154

 

Female Internal Genitalia

154

 

Dissection Follow-up

156

 

Urinary Bladder, Rectum, and Anal Canal

156

 

Dissection Overview

156

 

Dissection Instructions

156

 

Urinary Bladder

156

 

Rectum and Anal Canal

158

 

Dissection Follow-up

159

 

Internal Iliac Artery and Sacral Plexus

159

 

Dissection Overview

159

 

Dissection Instructions

159

 

Blood vessels

159

 

Nerves

160

 

Dissection Follow-up

161

 

Pelvic Diaphragm

161

 

Dissection Overview

161

 

Dissection Instructions

163

 

Dissection Follow-up

163

6

The Lower, Limb

165

 

Surface anatomy

165

 

Superficial veins and cutaneous nerves

165

 

Dissection Overview

165

 

Dissection Instructions

165

 

Skin Incisions

165

 

Superficial Fascia of the Posterior Lower Limb

166

 

Superficial Fascia of the Anterior Lower Limb

168

 

Dissection Follow-up

169

 

Anterior Compartment of The Thigh

169

 

Dissection Overview

169

 

Skeleton of the Thigh

169

 

Dissection Instructions

170

 

Saphenous Opening

170

 

Femoral Triangle

171

 

Adductor Canal and Sartorius Muscle

173

 

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle

173

 

Dissection Follow-up

175

 

Medial Compartment of The Thigh

175

 

Dissection Overview

175

 

Dissection Instructions

175

 

Dissection Follow-up

176

 

Gluteal Region

176

 

Dissection Overview

176

 

Skeleton of the Gluteal Region

177

 

Dissection Instructions

177

 

Dissection Follow-up

180

 

Posterior Compartment of The Thigh and Popliteal Fossa

181

 

Dissection Overview

181

 

Skeleton of the Posterior Thigh

181

 

Dissection Instructions

181

 

Posterior Thigh

181

 

Popliteal Fossa

183

 

Dissection Follow-up

184

 

Leg and Dorsum of The Foot

184

 

Skeleton of the Leg

185

 

Posterior Compartment of The Leg

185

 

Dissection Overview

185

 

Dissection Instructions

186

 

Dissection Follow-up

189

 

Lateral Compartment of The Leg

190

 

Dissection Overview

190

 

Dissection Instructions

190

 

Dissection Follow-up

190

 

Anterior Compartment of The Leg and Dorsum of the foot

190

 

Dissection Overview

190

 

Dissection Instructions

191

 

Dissection Follow-up

193

 

Sole of The Foot

193

 

Dissection Overview

193

 

Dissection Instructions

194

 

Plantar Aponeurosis and Cutaneous Nerves

194

 

First Layer of the Sole

195

 

Second Layer of the Sole

195

 

Third Layer of the Sole

196

 

Fourth Layer of the Sole

197

 

Dissection Follow-up

198

 

Joints of The Lower Limb

198

 

Dissection Overview

198

 

Dissection Instructions

198

 

Hip Joint

198

 

Knee Joint

200

 

Ankle Joint

202

 

Joints of Inversion and Eversion

203

7

The Head and Neck

205

 

Neck

205

 

Skeleton of the Neck

205

 

Organization of The Neck

206

 

Dissection Overview

206

 

Dissection Instructions

206

 

Skin Removal

206

 

Posterior Triangle of the Neck

207

 

Dissection Follow-up

209

 

Anterior Triangle of The Neck

209

 

Dissection Overview

209

 

Bones and Cartilages

209

 

Dissection Instructions

210

 

Superficial Fascia

210

 

Muscular Triangle

210

 

Submandibular Triangle

211

 

Submental Triangle

212

 

Carotid Triangle

212

 

Dissection Follow-up

214

 

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

215

 

Dissection Overview

215

 

Dissection Instructions

215

 

Dissection Follow-up

216

 

Root of The Neck

216

 

Dissection Overview

216

 

Dissection Instructions

216

 

Dissection Follow-up

218

 

Head

218

 

Skull

219

 

Anterior View of the Skull

219

 

Lateral View of the Skull

219

 

Superior View of the Skull

220

 

Face

221

 

Surface Anatomy

221

 

Dissection Overview

221

 

Dissection Instructions

222

 

Skin Incisions

222

 

Superficial Fascia and Facial Nerve

222

 

Facial Artery and Vein

224

 

Muscles Around the Orbital Opening

224

 

Muscles Around the Oral Opening

224

 

Sensory Nerves of the Face

225

 

Dissection Follow-up

226

 

Parotid Region

226

 

Dissection Overview

226

 

Skeleton of the Parotid Region

226

 

Dissection Instructions

226

 

Dissection Follow-up

228

 

Scalp

228

 

Dissection Overview

228

 

Dissection Instructions

228

 

Dissection Follow-up

229

 

Temporal Region

230

 

Dissection Overview

230

 

Skeleton of the Temporal Region

230

 

Dissection Instructions

231

 

Masseter Muscle and Removal of the Zygomatic Arch

231

 

Temporal Region

232

 

Infratemporal Fossa

232

 

Temporomandibular Joint

234

 

Dissection Follow-up

235

 

Interior of The Skull

235

 

Dissection Overview

235

 

Dissection Instructions

235

 

Removal of the Calvaria

235

 

Cranial Meninges

236

 

Dissection Follow-up

238

 

Removal of The Brain

238

 

Dissection Overview

238

 

Dissection Instructions

238

 

Dural Infoldings and Dural Venous Sinuses

239

 

Dissection Overview

239

 

Dissection Instructions

239

 

Dural Infoldings

239

 

Dural Venous Sinuses

239

 

Dissection Follow-up

240

 

Gross Anatomy of The Brain

240

 

Dissection Overview

240

 

Dissection Instructions

240

 

Dissection Follow-up

242

 

Cranial Fossae

242

 

Dissection Overview

242

 

Skeleton of the Cranial Base

242

 

Dissection Instructions

243

 

Anterior Cranial Fossa

243

 

Middle Cranial Fossa

243

 

Posterior Cranial Fossa

245

 

Dissection Follow-up

245

 

Orbit

245

 

Dissection Overview

245

 

Skeleton of the Orbit

246

 

Surface Anatomy of the Eyeball, Eyelids, and Lacrimal Apparatus

246

 

Dissection Instructions

247

 

Eyelid and Lacrimal Apparatus

247

 

Right Orbit from the Superior Approach

248

 

Left Orbit from the Anterior Approach

251

 

Dissection Follow-up

252

 

Disarticulation of The Head

252

 

Dissection Overview

252

 

Skeleton of the Suboccipital Region

252

 

Dissection Instructions

253

 

Retropharyngeal Space

253

 

Disarticulation of the Head

253

 

Prevertebral and Lateral Vertebral Regions

254

 

Dissection Follow-up

254

 

Pharynx

255

 

Dissection Overview

255

 

Dissection Instructions

255

 

Muscles of the Pharyngeal Wall

255

 

Bisection of the Head

257

 

Internal Aspect of the Pharynx

258

 

Dissection Follow-up

259

 

Nose and Nasal Cavity

259

 

Dissection Overview

259

 

Skeleton of the Nasal Cavity

259

 

Dissection Instructions

260

 

External Nose

260

 

Nasal Cavity

260

 

Nasal Septum

260

 

Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity

261

 

Dissection Follow-up

263

 

Hard Palate and Soft Palate

263

 

Dissection Overview

263

 

Skeleton of the Palate

263

 

Dissection Instructions

264

 

Soft Palate

264

 

Tonsillar Bed

266

 

Sphenopalatine Foramen and Pterygopalatine Fossa

266

 

Dissection Follow-up

267

 

Oral Region

268

 

Dissection Overview

268

 

Surface Anatomy of the Oral Vestibule

268

 

Surface Anatomy of the Oral Cavity Proper

268

 

Dissection Instructions

268

 

Tongue

268

 

Bisection of the Tongue and Mandible

269

 

Sublingual Region

270

 

Dissection Follow-up

271

 

Larynx

271

 

Dissection Overview

271

 

Skeleton of the Larynx

271

 

Dissection Instructions

272

 

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

272

 

Interior of the Larynx

274

 

Dissection Follow-up

274

 

Ear

274

 

Dissection Overview

274

 

Temporal Bone

275

 

Dissection Instructions

275

 

External Ear

275

 

Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)

275

 

Internal Ear

278

 

Dissection Follow-up

278

 

Index

279