Table of Contents

 

 

 

UNIT 1

BASIC MATHEMATICS REVIEW AND REFRESHER

1

1

Preassessment Test: Mathematics Skills Review

3

2

Fractions

9

 

The Denominator of a Fraction

10

 

The Numerator ot a Fraction

11

 

Concept of Size

13

 

Types of Fractions and Value

15

 

Equivalent or Equal Fractions

16

 

Simplify or Reduce Fractions to Their Lowest Terms

19

 

Find the Least Common Denominator

21

 

Conversion

22

 

Addition of Fractions

26

 

Addition of Mixed Numbers

30

 

Subtraction of Fractions

31

 

Subtraction of Mixed Numbers

33

 

Multiplication of Fractions

38

 

Division of Fractions

40

 

End of Chapter Review

44

3

Decimals

47

 

Compare Decimal Values

51

 

Add of Decimals

52

 

Subtract of Decimals

53

 

Multiply of Decimals

55

 

Multiplication by 10, 100, or 1,000

56

 

Divide of Decimals

57

 

Division by 10, 100, or 1,000

59

 

Change Fractions to Decimals

61

 

Change Decimals to Fractions

63

 

Round Of! Decimals

64

 

End of Chapter Review

66

4

Percents, Ratio, and Proportion

69

 

Percent

70

 

Fractions and Percents

71

 

Decimals and Percents

74

 

Ratio and Proportion

73

 

Use of Ratio and Proportion: Solving for x

81

 

End of Chapter Review

90

 

End of Unit 1 Review

95

UNIT 2

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

99

5

The Metric, Household, and Apothecary Systems of Measurement

101

 

The Metric System

102

 

Meter—Length

104

 

Liter—Volume

104

 

Gram—Weight

104

 

The Apothecary System

105

 

Household Measurements

107

 

Converting Within the Same System; Metric System

111

 

Converting Within the Same System: Household and Apothecary

115

 

End of Chapter Review

118

6

Approximate Equivalents and System Conversions

121

 

Dosage Calculations: Converting Between Systems

122

 

End of Chapter Review

127

 

End of Unit 2 Review

130

UNIT 3

DOSAGE CALCULATIONS

133

7

Medication Labels

136

 

Reading and Interpreting a Drug Label

137

 

End of Chapter Review

144

8

Oral Dosage Calculations

147

 

Calculating Oral Dosages

149

 

Dosage Calculations for Medications in the Same System and the Same Unit of Measurement

157

 

Dosage Calculations for Medications in the Same System but with Different Units of Measurement

161

 

Dosage Calculations for Medications in Different Systems

164

 

End of Chapter Review

169

9

Parenteral Dosage Calculations

172

 

Packaging, Syringes, and Needles

173

 

Types of Injections

176

 

Dosage Calculations for Medications in the Same System and the Same Unit of Measurement

177

 

Dosage Calculations for Medications in the Same System but Having Different Units of Measurement

181

 

Dosage Calculations for Medications in Different Systems

182

 

Penicillin

184

 

End of Chapter Review

186

10

Intravenous Therapy

191

 

Key Terms

192

 

Intravenous Fluids

193

 

Intravenous Infusion Sets and Lines

195

 

Infusion Devices

195

 

Calculate Intravenous Fluid Administration

197

 

Calculate Infusion Time in Hours and Minutes

198

 

Calculate Flow Rate in Milliliters per Hour for Gravity or Pump Infusions

199

 

Calculate Drip Rate or Drops per Minute

202

 

Constant Factors

207

 

Intermittent intravenous Administration

208

 

End of Chapter Review

216

11

Intravenous Therapies: Critical Care Applications

219

 

Calculate Flow Rate (ml per hr) When Dosage is Known use Ratio and Proportion, the Formula Method, or Dimensional Analysis

221

 

Calculate Dosage, per Hour or per Minute, When Flow Rate is Known

226

 

Titrate IV Fluids

231

 

End of Chapter Review

233

12

Insulin

238

 

Insulin Preparation

239

 

Types of Insulin

240

 

Insulin Delivery Devices

242

 

Insulin Administration

246

 

Preparing Insulin for Injection

247

 

Mixing Two Types o! Insulin in One Syringe

248

 

Continuous Intravenous Insulin Infusion

252

 

End of Chapter Review

254

13

Heparin Preparation and Dosage Calculations: Subcutaneous and Intravenous

258

 

Heparin for Subcutaneous Injection

261

 

Heparin for Intravenous Infusion

264

 

Calculate Heparin Flow Rate (mL/hr) When Units of Heparin per Hour Are Ordered

265

 

Calculate Heparin Dosage (units per hr) When Heparin is Ordered in Milliliters per Hour

268

 

Heparin Administration Based on Weight

269

 

Weight-Based Heparin Protocol

271

 

End of Chapter Review

276

14

Pediatric Dosage Calculations and Intravenous Therapy

280

 

Weight Conversions

284

 

Estimate Safe Total Daily Dosage

287

 

Calculate Oral and Parenteral Dosages Based on Body Weight (mg per kg)

289

 

Estimate Body Surface Area

293

 

Dosage Calculations Based on Body Surface Area

294

 

Calculate Intravenous Flow Rate

300

 

Calculate Intermittent Intravenous Medication Administration (Intravenous Piggyback: IVPB)

302

 

Calculate IV Push Medications

308

 

End of Chapter Review

310

15

Solutions and Drug Reconstitution

317

 

Reconstitution: Preparing Injection Packaged as Powders

319

 

Preparing an Oral or Enteral Feeding

324

 

Preparing a Topical Irrigating Solution

326

 

End of Chapter Review

327

 

End of Unit 3 Review

329

 

Answers

337

 

APPENDICES

 

A

Roman Numerals

361

B

Rounding Off Decimals

364

C

Abbreviations far Drug Preparation and Administration

366

D

Intradermal Injections

370

E

Subcutaneous Injections

372

F

intramuscular Injections

374

G

Z-Track Injections

376

H

Pediatric Intramuscular Injections

379

I

Nursing Concerns for Pediatric Drug Administration

381

J

Nursing Considerations for Critical Care Drug Administration

383

K

Nursing Concerns far Geriatric Drug Administration

385

L

Needleless Intravenous System

388

M

Temperature Conversions: Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales

390

 

Index

393