Table
of Contents
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Foreword |
xv |
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Acknowledgments |
xvii |
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SECTION I |
FOUNDATIONS |
1 |
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Chapter 1 |
Biology of Cancer |
3 |
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Introduction |
3 |
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Models of Cancer Development |
3 |
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Structure and Function of DNA and Chromosomes |
5 |
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Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals |
9 |
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Tumor Suppressor Genes |
12 |
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Sustained Angiogenesis |
15 |
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Tissue Invasion and Metastasis |
IS |
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Conclusion |
16 |
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References |
16 |
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Chapter 2 |
Staging and Performance Status |
19 |
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Introduction |
19 |
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Types of Cancer |
19 |
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Confirming a Diagnosis of Cancer |
20 |
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Nursing Implications of Cancer Staging and Performance Status |
26 |
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Conclusion |
27 |
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References |
27 |
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Chapter 3 |
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention |
35 |
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Introduction |
35 |
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Epidemiologic Terms and Concepts |
35 |
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Risk Factors and Risk Assessment |
40 |
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Primary Cancer Prevention |
47 |
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Conclusion |
52 |
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References |
52 |
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Chapter 4 |
Genetic Risk for Developing Cancer |
55 |
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Introduction |
55 |
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The Genetic Basis of Cancer |
55 |
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Indications for Genetic Assessment |
57 |
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Standards for Genetic Testing |
57 |
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Provision of Cancer Genetic Education and Counseling |
58 |
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Common Cancer Genetic Predisposition Syndromes |
68 |
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Nursing Implications |
75 |
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Conclusion |
76 |
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References |
76 |
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Chapter 5 |
Cancer Detection Measures |
81 |
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Introduction |
81 |
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Principles of Secondary Cancer Prevention |
81 |
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Lung Cancer |
84 |
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Breast Cancer |
85 |
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Cervical Cancer |
91 |
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Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers |
95 |
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Colorectal Cancer |
99 |
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Oral Cancers |
10S |
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Testicular Cancer |
106 |
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Prostate Cancer |
108 |
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Skin Cancer |
110 |
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Nursing Implications |
113 |
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Conclusion |
115 |
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References |
115 |
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Chapter 6 |
Cultural Differences in Cancer Care |
119 |
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Introduction |
119 |
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Evidence-Based Cultural Care |
119 |
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Culturally Competent Nursing Care in Oncology |
121 |
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Conclusion |
131 |
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References |
132 |
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SECTION II |
TREATMENT OPTIONS |
137 |
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Chapter 7 |
Pharmacogenomics |
139 |
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Introduction |
139 |
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History |
139 |
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Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics |
140 |
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Pharmacodynamics and
Pharmacokinetics |
141 |
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P450 Cytochromes |
141 |
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Non-CYP Metabolizers |
142 |
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Drug Transport Genes |
144 |
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Nursing Implications |
145 |
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Conclusion |
146 |
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References |
146 |
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Chapter 8 |
Surgery |
149 |
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Introduction |
149 |
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Cancer Surgery Rationale |
150 |
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Staging |
151 |
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Types of Cancer Operations |
151 |
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Perioperative Nursing
Considerations |
154 |
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Selected Cancers in Surgical Oncology |
156 |
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Conclusion |
169 |
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References |
169 |
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Chapter 9 |
Radiation Therapy |
173 |
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Introduction |
173 |
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The Science Behind Radiation Therapy |
173 |
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Clinical Uses of Radiation Therapy |
175 |
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External Beam Radiation Therapy |
175 |
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Internal Radiation Therapy: Radioactive Source Therapy |
180 |
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Radiation Safety |
182 |
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Side Effects |
183 |
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Nursing Implications |
185 |
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Conclusion |
185 |
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References |
191 |
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Chapter 10 |
Chemotherapy |
195 |
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Introduction |
195 |
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Chemotherapy and the Cell Cycle |
195 |
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Mechanism of Action |
197 |
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Response to Chemotherapy |
203 |
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Chemotherapy Treatment Approaches |
207 |
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Routes of Chemotherapy |
209 |
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Administration |
211 |
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Conclusion |
214 |
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References |
214 |
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Chapter 11 |
Biologies and Targeted Therapies |
217 |
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Introduction |
217 |
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Historical Perspective |
217 |
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Immune System |
218 |
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Definition and Classification of Biologic Therapy |
219 |
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Maximum Tolerated Dose Versus Optimal Biologic Dose |
220 |
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Cytokines |
220 |
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Hematopoietic Growth Factors |
220 |
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Interferons |
230 |
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Interleukins |
231 |
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Monoclonal Antibodies |
232 |
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Hematologic Monoclonal
Antibodies |
234 |
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Solid Tumor Monoclonal Antibodies |
240 |
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Small Molecules—Tyrosine Kinase
Inhibitors |
246 |
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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Hematologic Malignancies |
246 |
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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Solid
Tumors |
250 |
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Proteasome Inhibitors |
253 |
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Immunomodulatory Agents |
254 |
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Histone Deacetylase
Inhibitors |
256 |
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Vaccines |
257 |
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Conclusion |
260 |
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References |
261 |
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Chapter 12 |
Hormonal Therapy |
269 |
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Introduction |
269 |
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Breast Cancer |
277 |
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Endometrial Cancer |
278 |
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Ovarian Cancer |
279 |
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Prostate Cancer |
280 |
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Side Effects of Hormonal Therapy |
282 |
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The Role of Supplements in Hormone-Sensitive Cancers |
282 |
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Treatments on the Horizon |
282 |
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Conclusion |
284 |
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References |
284 |
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Chapter 13 |
Clinical Trials |
287 |
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Introduction |
287 |
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Definition |
287 |
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A Brief History of Clinical Trials |
288 |
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Types of Cancer Clinical Trials |
291 |
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Phases of Cancer Clinical Trials |
291 |
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Elements of a Clinical Trial Protocol |
293 |
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Ethical, Legal, and Regulatory Issues |
294 |
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Conduct of Cancer Clinical Trials in the Oncology Setting |
297 |
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Nursing Implications |
298 |
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Conclusion |
298 |
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References |
301 |
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Chapter 14 |
Complementary and Alternative Medicine |
303 |
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Introduction |
303 |
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Definitions |
304 |
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Economics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use |
305 |
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Ethical and Legal Issues in Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Use |
311 |
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Evidence Base |
311 |
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Defining Professional Duty |
312 |
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Nondisclosure |
312 |
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Children |
312 |
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Reporting Adverse Effects |
312 |
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Nursing Implications |
313 |
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Conclusion |
314 |
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References |
314 |
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Chapter 15 |
Transplantation |
317 |
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Introduction |
317 |
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Hematopoietic and Immunologic
Concepts of Transplantation |
317 |
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Evolution of Transplantation |
319 |
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Types of Transplant |
320 |
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Transplant Program Standards |
320 |
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Preparing for Transplantation |
322 |
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Acute Side Effects |
326 |
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Late Complications |
333 |
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Long-Term Issues |
336 |
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Future Directions |
339 |
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Conclusion |
339 |
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References |
340 |
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SECTION III |
SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT |
343 |
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Chapter 16 |
Alopecia |
345 |
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Introduction |
345 |
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Risk Factors |
346 |
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Definition and Pathophysiology |
346 |
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Assessment |
347 |
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Prevention and Treatment |
347 |
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Patient Education |
348 |
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The Impact of Alopecia: Understanding What Hair Means |
349 |
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Conclusion |
350 |
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References |
350 |
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Chapter 17 |
Cardiac and Pulmonary Toxicity |
353 |
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Introduction |
353 |
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Risk Factors |
353 |
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Preventive Measures |
354 |
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Pathophysiology |
355 |
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Diagnosis |
357 |
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Treatment |
357 |
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Oncologic Emergency: |
358 |
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Oncologic Emergency: Cardiac Tamponade |
358 |
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Conclusion |
359 |
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References |
359 |
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Chapter 18 |
Cognitive Changes |
361 |
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Introduction |
361 |
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Risk Factors |
361 |
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Pathophysiology |
363 |
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Assessment |
366 |
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Symptom Management |
367 |
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Conclusion |
367 |
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References |
367 |
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Chapter 19 |
Dermatologic Complications |
371 |
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Introduction |
371 |
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Basic Rationale |
371 |
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Side Effects |
371 |
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Conclusion |
379 |
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References |
379 |
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Chapter 20 |
Gastrointestinal Symptoms |
383 |
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Introduction |
383 |
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Xerostomia |
383 |
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Mucositis |
386 |
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Dysphagia |
392 |
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Nausea and Vomiting |
395 |
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Constipation |
403 |
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Diarrhea |
407 |
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Conclusion |
414 |
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References |
414 |
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Chapter 21 |
Genitourinary Symptoms |
421 |
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Introduction |
421 |
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Overview of Urinary Incontinence |
421 |
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Assessment |
422 |
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Pathophysiology of Urinary
Incontinence After Prostatectomy |
422 |
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Postprostatectomy Urinary
Incontinence |
422 |
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Urinary Incontinence in Patients With Other Cancers |
423 |
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Consequences of Urinary Incontinence |
424 |
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Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises |
425 |
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Nursing Interventions |
427 |
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Future Research |
428 |
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Conclusion |
428 |
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References |
428 |
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Chapter 22 |
Hematologic Issues |
433 |
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Introduction |
433 |
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Neutropenia |
433 |
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Anemia |
438 |
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Thrombocytopenia |
441 |
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Conclusion |
445 |
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References |
445 |
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Chapter 23 |
Hepatic Toxidties |
449 |
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Introduction |
449 |
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Liver Anatomy, Pathology, and Physiology |
449 |
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Liver Laboratory Parameters |
452 |
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Clinical Findings |
454 |
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Tumors |
458 |
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Surgery |
459 |
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Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy |
460 |
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Liver-Directed Therapies |
463 |
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Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome |
468 |
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Conclusion |
470 |
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References |
470 |
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Chapter 24 |
Hypersensitivity |
473 |
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Introduction |
473 |
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Risk Factors |
473 |
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Pathophysiology |
475 |
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Diagnosis |
478 |
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Treatment and Nursing Implications |
481 |
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Prognosis |
483 |
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Conclusion |
484 |
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References |
484 |
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Chapter 25 |
Pain |
485 |
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Introduction |
485 |
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Definition of Pain |
485 |
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Etiology |
485 |
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Pathophysiology |
486 |
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Pain Assessment |
486 |
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Pain Management |
490 |
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Non-Narcotic Analgesics |
491 |
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Opioids |
492 |
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Adjuvant Analgesics |
497 |
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Interventional Strategies for Pain Management |
500 |
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies |
503 |
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Conclusion |
504 |
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References |
505 |
|
Chapter 26 |
Peripheral Neuropathy |
511 |
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Introduction |
511 |
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Risk Factors |
511 |
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Pathophysiology |
512 |
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Assessment |
512 |
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Prevention and Treatment |
515 |
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Nursing Implications |
518 |
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Patient Education |
518 |
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Conclusion |
520 |
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References |
520 |
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SECTION IV |
ISSUES FOR CANCER SURVIVORS AND THEIR FAMILIES |
523 |
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Chapter 27 |
Sexual and Reproductive Issues |
525 |
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Introduction |
525 |
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Integrating the Components of Sexuality |
527 |
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Effects of Cancer Treatment on Sexuality |
528 |
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Overcoming Physical Handicaps |
529 |
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Issues Related to Infertility After Cancer Treatment |
532 |
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Parenthood During or After Cancer Treatment |
533 |
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Relational Issues |
535 |
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Including Sexuality Assessment in Nursing Practice |
536 |
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Conclusion |
537 |
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References |
538 |
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Chapter 28 |
Developmental Life Stage Issues |
541 |
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Introduction |
541 |
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Early Adulthood (Ages 20-39) |
542 |
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Middle Adulthood (Ages 40-59) |
543 |
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Young-Old (Ages 60-75) |
545 |
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Old-Old (Age 75 and Older) |
546 |
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Conclusion |
548 |
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References |
548 |
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Chapter 29 |
Psychosocial Issues |
551 |
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Introduction |
551 |
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Conceptualizing Psychosocial Aspects |
552 |
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Traumatic Events on the Cancer Trajectory |
553 |
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Cancer and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
553 |
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The Psychosocial Impact Along the Cancer Trajectory |
554 |
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Nursing Management of Psychosocial Aspects |
557 |
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Supportive Psychotherapy and Supportive Social Networks |
562 |
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Mitigating and Compounding Distress |
563 |
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Conclusion |
565 |
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References |
565 |
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Chapter 30 |
Caring for the Adult Childhood Cancer Survivor |
569 |
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Introduction |
569 |
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The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study |
570 |
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Common Adverse Medical Outcomes Associated With Treatment for
Childhood Cancer |
571 |
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Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Quality of Life in Adult
Childhood Cancer Survivors |
575 |
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Risk-Based Follow-Up Care of Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors |
578 |
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Models of Care for Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer |
578 |
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Transition of Care |
580 |
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Risk-Based Guidelines Interventions |
581 |
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Conclusion |
582 |
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References |
582 |
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Chapter 31 |
Ethical Issues |
587 |
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Introduction |
587 |
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Nurse’s Role |
588 |
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Diagnosis—Truth-Telling, Prognosis, Treatment Options, Hope |
589 |
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Caregiver Burden, Moral Distress, and Impact on Treatment
Decisions |
590 |
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Advance Care Planning |
592 |
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Role of Ethics Consultants and Ethics Committees |
595 |
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Futility |
598 |
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Pediatric Issues |
601 |
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Treating Vulnerable Populations |
604 |
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Rehabilitation for Patients With a Terminal Cancer Diagnosis |
605 |
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Conclusion |
605 |
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References |
606 |
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Index |
609 |
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