With contributions from evolutionary biologists and Bayesian experts, this book presents important developments in evolutionary biology and evolutionary genetics from two unique standpoints. First, it addresses how to conceptualize, perform, and critically assess traditional problems in evolutionary biology and evolutionary genetics from a Bayesian perspective. Second, the book discusses how to use modern computational methods to summarize inferences using simulation-based methods. Software illustrations are provided for complicated procedures. Each section begins with problems and the classical approaches used to address them.